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Although learning in networks is key to transitions, the literature has juxtaposed the different actors involved. Based on a conceptual review, we posit that four distinct collective actors engage in learning in transitions: techn...
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Although learning in networks is key to transitions, the literature has juxtaposed the different actors involved. Based on a conceptual review, we posit that four distinct collective actors engage in learning in transitions: technology constituencies, epistemic communities, instrument constituencies, and advocacy coalitions. Technology constituencies promote the adoption of specific socio-technical alternatives by citizens, businesses, or governments. Epistemic communities shed light on sustainability issues at the science-policy interface. Instrument constituencies promote the creation and diffusion of specific governance arrangements. Advocacy coalitions compete politically to implement their policy preferences. These collective actors are responsible for facilitating technological learning, sustainability problem learning, policy instrumental learning, and political learning, respectively, which are in turn necessary for niche development, regime destabilization, overcoming path dependence, and political change. Consequently, the alignment of these distinct, albeit potentially overlapping, collective actors can have a profound impact on learning in transitions and the emergence of transition pathways.
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Conservation trading has developed as a policy instrument for biodiversity protection. This paper traces the emergence, development, and spread of conservation trading, focusing particularly on the formation and activities of an i...
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Conservation trading has developed as a policy instrument for biodiversity protection. This paper traces the emergence, development, and spread of conservation trading, focusing particularly on the formation and activities of an increasingly transnational policy instrument constituency, namely the actor group that has formed around the policy instrument in its support. The development of conservation trading was predominantly guided by a constituency of dominant business-oriented actors, beginning with mitigation measures in the USA and making later connections to international networks with a similar market-driven orientation for environmental protection. By strategically combining agenda-driven research with the mobilization of political support, this constituency helped to establish conservation trading as a widely acknowledged policy solution applicable to various ecological and sociopolitical contexts. Yet, this was achieved, in part, at the cost of neglecting critical issues, such as the recognition of policy alternatives or socioecological or cultural context particularities. Whereas the development of conservation trading is sometimes portrayed as a rational process of neutral policy learning, this process, through its constituency, has developed a life and political momentum of its own, which must be acknowledged when engaging with the design and implementation of better conservation policies. A forward-looking social policy assessment approach is required, which opens up policy design discourses for debate and reflexive engagement. Acknowledging possible shortcomings with a broad range of concerned societal actors can help to assure policy transparency, add specificity, and increase the sound ecological and societal embedding of conservation trading.
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Renewable electricity (RE) auctions have recently emerged as a dominant instrument in the global RE policy 'toolbox', whereas historically more widespread policy instruments, including feed-in-tariffs and tradable green certificat...
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Renewable electricity (RE) auctions have recently emerged as a dominant instrument in the global RE policy 'toolbox', whereas historically more widespread policy instruments, including feed-in-tariffs and tradable green certificates, have lost popularity. This article investigates the contribution of dynamics of policy demand and supply to this development and identifies the relative impact of the instrument's so-called constituency, a concept introduced by Voss and Simons (2014). As an element of policy supply, perceived policy attributes impacting the instrument's diffusibility receive particular attention. The study applies a process tracing approach, based on a set of high-level interviews. The instrument constituency was found to comprise a fairly small group of highly specialized policy experts: three intergovernmental organizations, a group of researchers and two industry service providers.
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Nudge and co-design are gaining popularity as innovative approaches to solving similar policy problems. Nudge is an approach to public policy that changes the context in which decisions are presented to citizens in order to encour...
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Nudge and co-design are gaining popularity as innovative approaches to solving similar policy problems. Nudge is an approach to public policy that changes the context in which decisions are presented to citizens in order to encourage a particular choice. Co-design uses creative and participatory methods to engage citizens, stakeholders and officials in an iterative process to respond to shared problems. Both nudge and co-design supposedly achieve more effective outcomes, address big societal problems, and, in contrast to traditional policy approaches, consider humans' actual behaviour in a real-world context. In practice, we see them emerging and even merging together, despite significant tensions and contradictions between them. We critically examine the use of the approaches as policy instruments and consider the instrument constituencies that support them. By comparing and contrasting the two concepts in scholarship for the first time, the article highlights the assumptions underpinning the use of both nudge and co-design, arguing that each approach has its own underlying philosophy and claims on knowledge and authority. We reflect on the implications for policy effectiveness, political trust, and subsequently on government legitimacy.
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Proponents of policy instruments often have to justify them to shifting political masters. This article explores the evolution of social investment, both as a policy solution and a set of policy instruments, during a period charac...
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Proponents of policy instruments often have to justify them to shifting political masters. This article explores the evolution of social investment, both as a policy solution and a set of policy instruments, during a period characterized by political turbulence. Discourse analysis of texts produced by an instrument constituency shows how a constant set of policy instruments are framed as a changing solution to different political problems. This helps us develop the concept of dynamic persistence, which elaborates how the instrument constituency was able to maintain support for their policy instruments by realigning them to different ideological principles.
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Throughout the developing world, payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs are popular policy instruments that allow those who rely on such amenities as drinking water and clean air to pay the landowners who, in turn, provide...
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Throughout the developing world, payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs are popular policy instruments that allow those who rely on such amenities as drinking water and clean air to pay the landowners who, in turn, provide and care for those services so the resources are protected and sustainably available in the future. Despite the popularity of PES programs as policy instruments, they have been proven largely ineffective in achieving their long-term goals. Specifically, they have failed to conserve the targeted ecosystem services. We examine Mexican instrument constituencies that have promoted use of a PES program, the payments for hydrological services (PHS) program. Instrument constituencies are groups of policy actors who are bound by an interest in a particular policy instrument or solution. Although the PHS program has been in existence for nearly 20 years, the evidence points to policy drift and overall policy failure. The path-dependent nature of the instrument constituency and resulting feedbacks have crowded out any chance of more effective forest or water conservation programs from being established. A case-based counterfactual analysis is employed to consider alternative program choices that could exist in the absence of a PHS instrument constituency.
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Efforts to measure the tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration OH, the transient that plays a role in acid deposition formation and cleanses the atmosphere of many pollutants, began 20 years ago. In the past five years conside...
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Efforts to measure the tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration OH, the transient that plays a role in acid deposition formation and cleanses the atmosphere of many pollutants, began 20 years ago. In the past five years considerable progress has been made in local (in situ or point) measurement of OH (refer to other papers in this issue). New measurements put constraints on photochemical models that compute OH and other species. Reproducing observed OH with a model is more successful in some regimes than in others with calculated OH usually within 20% of measurements. This paper reviews OH photochemistry, comparisons of model-derived and measured OH in the continental boundary layer, and model calculation of OH in the marine boundary layer and free troposphere when high-frequency aircraft measurements of O-3 and related trace gases are assimilated into a photochemical model. Factors affecting model calculation of OH-nonlinearities, imprecisions in kinetics, differences among model formulation-are also discussed. [References: 73]
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The legitimacy of usual accounting approaches for measuring and analyzing company financial results has been questioned. Scholars have suggested current financial realization metrics, but their implication is motionless being inve...
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The legitimacy of usual accounting approaches for measuring and analyzing company financial results has been questioned. Scholars have suggested current financial realization metrics, but their implication is motionless being investigated with beneficiaries. The research would use Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression to determine the effect of three modern financial ward measures: Economic Value Added (EVA), Refined Economic Value Added (REVA), EVA momentum on positive fiscal results as measured by Return on Assets (ROA). This paper likewise expects to add to the progressing banter among specialists through utilizing the characteristics of the financial assessment added-based amount by the uppermost informative force material to fixed economic outcomes through a family member and steady information quality analysis. The account business information accumulated for organizations was recorded on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2019. The quantifiable collection E-views version-10 is utilized to play out the factual strategies. According to the findings, all value-added economic indicators substantially affected the company’s financial results. Additionally, REVA was the most successful economic measure for enhancing and justifying financial results.
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As a result of photochemistry, some relationship between the stratospheric age of air or mean age and the amount of tracer contained within an air sample is expected. The existence of such a relationship allows inferences about tr...
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As a result of photochemistry, some relationship between the stratospheric age of air or mean age and the amount of tracer contained within an air sample is expected. The existence of such a relationship allows inferences about transport history to be made from observations of chemical tracers. This paper lays down the conceptual foundations for the relationship between age and tracer amount for long-lived tracers, developed within a Lagrangian framework. Although the photochemical loss depends not only on the age of the parcel but also on its path, we show that under the "average path approximation" that the path variations are less important than parcel age. The average path approximation then allows us to develop a formal relationship between the age spectrum and the tracer distribution. Using this relationship, tracer-tracer correlations can be interpreted as the result of mixing which connects parts of the "single-path photochemistry curve," a universal path-independent curve that describes the photochemical loss in terms of the total photon exposure. This geometric interpretation of mixing gives rise to constraints on trace gas correlation curves as can be seen in the atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy observations. [References: 31]
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Abstract The integration of policy theories could help produce comprehensive understandings of the policy process and generate findings that challenge the boundaries of the policy sciences. To help promote policy theory integratio...
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Abstract The integration of policy theories could help produce comprehensive understandings of the policy process and generate findings that challenge the boundaries of the policy sciences. To help promote policy theory integration, this paper reviewed and discussed the scientific benefits of publications that have integrated the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD), Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), Epistemic Community (EC) and Instrument Constituency (IC) theories. It discovered that these publications are strongly focused on the integration of the MSF, ACF and EC theories. Some of the scientific benefits of integrating these theories include the discoveries that epistemic communities and instrument constituencies do not only support advocacy coalitions but can lead policy decision-making. Hence, researchers are encouraged to pay more attention to theory integration in the policy process scholarship. One question that needs further attention is: under what conditions do actors in one stream actively participate in another stream?
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